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Direct Injection Engines & Soot: What Does The Research Say?

Started by SHOdded, January 10, 2015, 04:39:21 PM

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SHOdded

As the title states, this thread is devoted to providing links to existing research regarding DI & "soot".  Focused discussion is also welcome :)

I will kick this off with a link to a presentation by Matti Maricq (Ford) on Gasoline Engines:  Ultrafine Particle Emissions ----
http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/technology-research/ultrafine-particles-conference/session6_5_mattimaricq.pdf

ZSHO provided this link related to diesel & soot:
http://www.syntheticwarehouse.com/bypass.htm
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

IHeartGroceries

That first presentation was pretty insightful.

I'll toss this in. It is also pretty interesting...

http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/04/developing-ecoboost-20090429.html

This article, unless I misread it, indicates the 3.5 EB specifically (and like nearly all GDI engines) only utilizes stratified lean burn at cold operation. All other conditions prompt homogeneous charges.

Though, it is described as a transient phenomenon in the first presentation in the OP. There is likely quite a bit of soot formation under the onset of high load situations.

Of course, I'm still trying to figure out how the 3.5EB operates in a closed loop control feedback at all times, save for cold start. You'd think as a result there'd be fewer soot deposits.
2013 SHO PP

SHOdded

Even though they show a pic at 6000 rpm, the range optimized for is 1,500 to 5,500 rpm (a bit short of WOT at 6,200 rpm).  But if the presentation is a good guide, always have a) a good strong battery, b) an appropriately low viscosity oil for cold start, and c) heaters for the catalysts to decrease cranking time and speed up that initial warmup nearly free of emissions. 

I know on my MFI NA Edge, it takes a mere minute or less with gentle driving from initial startup to reach 1000F or so on the catalysts.  Any idea how fast that happens on these EBs?

A quick primer on GDI engines:
http://www.aa1car.com/library/what_is_gasoline_direct_injection.htm
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

A pair of articles comparing GDI and PFI engines (deposits, fuel economy, soot, etc.) - Abstracts only:
http://papers.sae.org/1999-01-1498/
http://papers.sae.org/1999-01-1499/

Four 1998 Mitsubishi Carismas, two equipped with direct injection (GDI) and two with port fuel injection engines (PFI) were tested in a designed experiment to determine the effect of mileage accumulation cycle, engine type, fuel and lubricant type on engine wear and engine oil performance parameters. Fuel types were represented by an unadditised base fuel meeting EEC year 2000 specifications and the same base fuel plus synthetic deposit control additive packages. Crankcase oils were represented by two types (1) a 5W-30 API SJ/ILSAC GF-2 type engine oil and (2) a 10W-40 API SH/CF ACEA A3/ B3-96 engine oil.

The program showed that engine fuel system deposits, including specifically those on intake valves, combustion chambers and injectors are formed in higher amounts in the GDI engine than the PFI engine. The fuel additive used reduced injector deposits and combustion chamber deposits in the GDI, but had no significant effect on intake valve deposits, which are affected by crankcase oil formulation. In GDI vehicles, deposited engines were found to have increased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and poorer fuel economy and acceleration, but lower particulate emissions. Effects in PFI engines were directionally the same for NOx and particulates but the opposite for HC and CO emissions and fuel economy. In terms of specific deposit effects in the GDI engine, CCD is correlated with poorer acceleration, HC and CO emissions, while injector deposits correlate with NOX formation.

The program showed that specific selection of oil additive chemistry may reduce formation of intake valve deposits in GDI cars.. In general, G-DI engines produced more soot and more pentane insolubles and were found to be more prone to what appears to be soot induced wear than PFI engines. Again, proper selection of oil additive chemistry provided sufficient engine durability protection in both types of engines.
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

Advanced Particulate Filter Technologies for Direct Injection Gasoline Engine Applications
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2012/wednesday/presentations/deer12_bischof.pdf


  • Continuing efforts for further CO2 and PN reduction create a challenging environment for vehicles equipped with DI gasoline engines
  • Gasoline particulate filters will be an enabler to meet these challenging targets either as an alternative or as a supplement to improved combustion recipes
  • Gasoline particulate filters can be designed:
                 – As an "add on" solution to an existing after treatment system
                 – As a gasoline particulate filter with integrated three way catalyst functionality
  • Optimized designs for gasoline particulate filter applications
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

Dissertation - Effects of Fuel Molecular Structure and Composition on Soot Formation in Direct-Injection Spray Flames
http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1318&context=etd
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

In-cylinder soot imaging and emissions of stratified combustion in a spark-ignited spray-guided direct-injection gasoline engine
http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858215701&origin=inward&txGid=CEDEAE0A0F62CC8BEF6CE4D1D18B0D5C.fM4vPBipdL1BpirDq5Cw%3a2

... the engine-out soot emission measurements, which showed increased soot levels as the injection was retarded. It was also found that fuel impinged on the spark plug during the injections, resulting in a persistent jet flame close to the spark plug in the centre of the cylinder, which is believed to contribute to engine-out soot emissions ...
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOdded

Numerical Investigation of Soot Formation in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines (2014)
http://www.ansys.com//staticassets/ANSYS/staticassets/resourcelibrary/presentation/aswc2014-soot-formation-direct-injection-engine.pdf

Summary

  • Liquid fuel films are emitted as one of followings
          – remaining fuel films
          – unburned hydrocarbons
          – precursors (C2H2, PAHs..)
          - soot


  • Emission factors of UHC and soot can be expressed as a function of the wall temperature
  • A surface reaction mechanism including pyrene and coronene as precursors was constructed based on the literature
  • Particle number emissions generated from combustion of liquid fuel films during cold startup period were estimated by using the method of moments
2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOnUup

Could we be sucking in cleaner air in the cooler months with the dirty exaust vapors being warmer and their natural tendency is to rise? My simple minded thought on the absence of soot from my unchanged setup.

Rich

2011 Sterling Gray Metallic SHO non PP,
12.4211 @ 110.28 Livernois 3bar tune & CAI,
Added since...PPE catless Dpipes, Megan coilovers, Powergrid adjustable end links, and EBC slotted rotors and red stuff pads.
Tommy Designs grille with carbon fiber hydrographics, fender badges and fog bezels hydrodipped also, tinted windows, head & taillights, debadged trunk with all chrome plasti-dipped, black calipers, obdlink mx scantool running torque pro on 7" tablet.

SHOdded

2007 Ford Edge SEL, Powerstop F/R Brake Kit, TXT LED 6000K Lo & Hi Beams, W16W LED Reverse Bulbs, 3BSpec 2.5w Map Lights, 5W Cree rear dome lights, 5W Cree cargo light, DTBL LED Taillights

If tuned:  Take note of the strategy code as you return to stock (including 3 bar MAP to 2 bar MAP) -> take car in & get it serviced -> check strategy code when you get car back -> have tuner update your tune if the strategy code has changed -> reload tune -> ENJOY!

SHOnUup

Yes sir. Eagerly awaiting summer fuel to see if dropping the e/85 has an effect.

Rich

2011 Sterling Gray Metallic SHO non PP,
12.4211 @ 110.28 Livernois 3bar tune & CAI,
Added since...PPE catless Dpipes, Megan coilovers, Powergrid adjustable end links, and EBC slotted rotors and red stuff pads.
Tommy Designs grille with carbon fiber hydrographics, fender badges and fog bezels hydrodipped also, tinted windows, head & taillights, debadged trunk with all chrome plasti-dipped, black calipers, obdlink mx scantool running torque pro on 7" tablet.

FoMoCoSHO

This is why I have no soot...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Program/213/Teleseminars/Robert%20Stein%20%28AVL%29%203-29-11.pdf

"No sooting flames with E85

Ethanol has a single boiling
point of 78.3°C, whereas
gasoline has a range up to
200°C. Thus E85 vaporizes
more readily after impingement
on the piston.

Ethanol is oxygenated which
facilitates combustion of rich
regions without making soot"